Resumen En este trabajo, analizamos la producción de certidumbre en una política en salud configurada desde el esquema epistémico de la medicina basada en la evidencia: el régimen de Garantías Explícitas en Salud en Chile. Con base en los estudios de ciencia y tecnología, el análisis de material producido mediante etnografías focalizadas en escenarios ministeriales, y considerando entrevistas a expertos y profesionales, exponemos cómo en estos escenarios los objetos vinculados con la evidencia llegan a servir para tres propósitos: reducir la complejidad de procesos globales, conectar lo local con lo global y, fundamentalmente, generar un nuevo continuo que vincula la verdad con la incertidumbre. Caracterizamos a estas entidades como “objetos especulativos”, destacando su importante papel en la articulación de retóricas que permiten la configuración local de la biopolítica.

Abstract This article analyzes the production of certainty in a health policy shaped by the epistemic scheme of evidence-based medicine: the Regime of Explicit Health Guarantees in Chile. Based on studies on science and technology, the analysis of material produced through focused ethnographies in ministry settings, and interviews with experts and professionals, this study exposes how objects linked to the evidence serve for three purposes in these scenarios: to reduce the complexity of global processes, to connect the local with the global, and to generate a new continuum that links truth with uncertainty. These objects are characterized here as “speculative objects,” highlighting their important role in the articulation of rhetoric that allows the local configuration of biopolitics.

Abstract This article analyzes the production of certainty in a health policy shaped by the epistemic scheme of evidence-based medicine: the Regime of Explicit Health Guarantees in Chile. Based on studies on science and technology, the analysis of material produced through focused ethnographies in ministry settings, and interviews with experts and professionals, this study exposes how objects linked to the evidence serve for three purposes in these scenarios: to reduce the complexity of global processes, to connect the local with the global, and to generate a new continuum that links truth with uncertainty. These objects are characterized here as “speculative objects,” highlighting their important role in the articulation of rhetoric that allows the local configuration of biopolitics.

Resumen En este trabajo, analizamos la producción de certidumbre en una política en salud configurada desde el esquema epistémico de la medicina basada en la evidencia: el régimen de Garantías Explícitas en Salud en Chile. Con base en los estudios de ciencia y tecnología, el análisis de material producido mediante etnografías focalizadas en escenarios ministeriales, y considerando entrevistas a expertos y profesionales, exponemos cómo en estos escenarios los objetos vinculados con la evidencia llegan a servir para tres propósitos: reducir la complejidad de procesos globales, conectar lo local con lo global y, fundamentalmente, generar un nuevo continuo que vincula la verdad con la incertidumbre. Caracterizamos a estas entidades como “objetos especulativos”, destacando su importante papel en la articulación de retóricas que permiten la configuración local de la biopolítica.

Abstract An experiment was established to quantify the level of N2O emissions in the soil in response to the application of increasing doses of nitrogen fertilization for corn production. The treatments were as follows: 1) control, without application of nitrogen (N); 2) application of 200 kg ha-1 of N; 3) application of 400 kg ha-1 of N. An experimental design in random blocks with three repetitions was used. The corresponding treatments with forage corn were established in July 2018. To carry out the measurements of N2O emissions, two PVC static chambers were placed in each experimental unit: one at the ridge (B), where the fertilizer was applied, and another at the bottom of the furrow (F). Periodic measurements were carried out and at the same time soil samples from 0 to 15 cm deep were collected to measure moisture content and inorganic N (N-NO3 - + N-NH4 +) and soil temperature. The content of inorganic N of the soil fluctuated on average from 28 to 59 mg kg-1 of soil and the flux of N2O emissions fluctuated from 22 to 60 g ha-1 day-1. Both were closely related to the increasing doses of nitrogen fertilization, both at the ridge and at the bottom of the furrow, the R2 fluctuated between 0.81 and 0.99. The trend was adjusted to an exponential model. Dry forage and grain production reached 17.5 and 9.6 t ha-1, respectively, with the highest nitrogen fertilization dose. There were no significant differences (p< 0.05) between 200 and 400 units of N ha-1, which indicated a low utilization of N by the crop and a higher emission of N2O with the latter.

Resumen Se estableció un experimento para cuantificar el nivel de emisiones de N2O en el suelo en respuesta a la aplicación de dosis crecientes de fertilización nitrogenada para la producción de maíz. Los tratamientos fueron los siguientes: 1) testigo, sin aplicación de nitrógeno (N); 2) aplicación de 200 kg ha-1 de N; y 3) aplicación de 400 kg ha-1 de N. Se empleó un diseño experimental en bloques al azar con tres repeticiones. En julio de 2018 se establecieron los tratamientos correspondientes con maíz forrajero. Para efectuar las mediciones de emisión de N2O se colocaron dos cámaras estáticas de PVC en cada unidad experimental: una en el bordo del surco (B), donde se aplicó el fertilizante, y otra en el fondo de éste (F). Se realizaron mediciones periódicas y al mismo tiempo se recolectaron muestras de suelo de 0 a 15 cm de profundidad para medir el contenido de humedad y N inorgánico (N-NO3 - + N-NH4 +) y temperatura del suelo. El contenido de N inorgánico del suelo fluctuó en promedio de 28 a 59 mg kg-1 de suelo y el flujo de emisiones de N2O fluctuó de 22 a 60 g ha-1 día-1. Ambos se relacionaron estrechamente con las dosis crecientes de fertilización nitrogenada, tanto en el bordo como el fondo del surco, la R2 fluctuó entre 0.81 y 0.99. La tendencia se ajustó a un modelo exponencial. La producción forraje seco y gano alcanzaron 17.5 y 9.6 t ha-1, respectivamente, con la dosis de fertilización nitrogenada más alta. No hubo diferencias significativas (p< 0.05) entre 200 y 400 unidades de N ha-1, lo cual indicó un bajo aprovechamiento de N por el cultivo y mayor emisión de N2O con ésta última.

Abstracts The Comarca Lagunera produces more than 2 343 million liters of milk per year from a herd of more than 465 thousand head of dairy cattle. The contamination of groundwater by nitrates and the emission of greenhouse gases (NO2) are the most serious major environmental problems in intensive agriculture. The objective of this research was to evaluate the effect of fertilizers with nitrification inhibitor on yield, forage quality and foliar nutritional concentration. The research was conducted in 2017 at the La Laguna Experimental Field (INIFAP). Five fertilization programs with and without DMPP nitrification inhibitor plus a regional control with conventional fertilization were evaluated. The treatment that received 240 kg N ha-1 (regional control) produced the highest yield in green forage and dry matter (41.5 t ha-1 and 13.88 t DM ha-1 respectively). However, these values were statistically equal to the dose of 120 kg N ha-1 + IN DMPP. The highest grain yield (6.05 t ha-1) was achieved with the treatment of 240 kg of N ha-1 + IN DMPP. The highest concentration of N in the foliage (2.43 and 2.32%) was achieved with the highest doses of N (360 kg ha-1) without DMPP IN and with MPP IN respectively. Regarding the foliar nutritional concentration of Mg, S, Fe and Zn there was no significant difference between treatments. Forage quality analyzes indicate that the highest crude protein content (8.95%) was recorded with the 360 kg treatment of N ha-1 + IN DMPP. It is concluded that fertilizers with nitrification inhibitor can reduce the doses of N in feed corn.

Resumen La Comarca Lagunera produce más de 2 433 millones de litros de leche anuales provenientes de un hato de más de 465 mil cabezas de ganado bovino lechero. La contaminación de aguas subterráneas por nitratos y la emisión de gases de efecto invernadero (NO2) son los principales problemas medio ambientales más graves en la agricultura intensiva. El objetivo de esta investigación fue evaluar el efecto de fertilizantes con inhibidor de la nitrificación sobre el rendimiento, calidad forrajera y concentración nutrimental foliar. La investigación se realizó en 2017 en el Campo Experimental La Laguna (INIFAP). Se evaluaron cinco programas de fertilización con y sin inhibidor de nitrificación DMPP más un testigo regional con fertilización convencional. El tratamiento que recibió 240 kg N ha-1 (testigo regional) produjo el más alto rendimiento en forraje verde y materia seca (41.5 t ha-1 y 13.88 t MS ha-1 respectivamente). Sin embargo, estos valores fueron estadísticamente iguales a la dosis de 120 kg N ha-1 + IN DMPP. El mayor rendimiento de grano (6.05 t ha-1) se logró con el tratamiento de 240 kg de N ha-1 + IN DMPP. La mayor concentración de N en el follaje (2.43 y 2.32%) se logró con las dosis más altas de N (360 kg ha-1) sin IN DMPP y con el IN MPP respectivamente. En cuanto a la concentración nutrimental foliar de Mg, S, Fe y Zn no hubo diferencia significativa entre tratamientos. Los análisis de calidad forrajera indican que el mayor contenido de proteína cruda (8.95%) se registró con el tratamiento de 360 kg de N ha-1 + IN DMPP. Se concluye que los fertilizantes con inhibidor de la nitrificación pueden reducir las dosis de N en el maíz forrajero.

Abstract: Among the different technologies of neoliberal government emerging during the XX and XXI centuries, those that have attracted greater attention and reflection probably refer to those related to the processes of life, and the conception of it as a field for politics. This paper addresses the neoliberal governmental rationality involved in the development of the last major health reform in Chile: the Regime of Explicit Health Guarantees (GES), considering the implications of their epistemic aspects in understanding of corporeality. We consider as material for analysis several accounts of experts who have participated in the design of the regime, professionals involved in its implementation, legal and technical documents, and ethnographic observations. We analyse such information considering the notion of enactment proposed by Annemarie Mol. Results expose the processes of epistemic ordering, biopolitical acceleration, and biocitizenship prescription, linked to the enactment of the body as an assemblage of different spaces of government. We call such process as somatocracy, using the notion created by Michel Foucault. We conclude by integrating some components to think biocitizenship from emerging aspects in the work.

Resumen: Entre las diversas tecnologías de gobierno de corte neoliberal emergentes durante los siglos XX y XXI, probablemente aquellas que han acaparado mayor atención y reflexión remiten a las relacionadas con los procesos de la vida y de la concepción de esta como un campo para lo político. Este trabajo aborda la racionalidad gubernamental implicada en el desarrollo de la última importante reforma en salud en Chile: el Régimen de Garantías Explícitas en Salud (GES), teniendo en cuenta las implicancias de sus aspectos epistémicos en la comprensión de la corporalidad. Consideramos como material de análisis diversos relatos de expertos que han participado en el diseño del régimen, profesionales que participan en su implementación, documentos legales y técnicos, y observaciones de carácter etnográfico. Analizamos tal información considerando la noción de enactment propuesta por Annemarie Mol. Los resultados dan cuenta de los procesos de ordenamiento epistémico, aceleración biopolítica y prescripción de biociudadanía, asociados al enactment del cuerpo como un ensamblaje de diversos espacios de gobierno. Denominamos tal proceso como somatocracia, empleando la noción acuñada por Michel Foucault. Concluimos integrando algunos componentes para pensar la biociudadanía a partir de aspectos emergentes en el trabajo.

The aim of this paper is to evaluate some aspects of the life of William Hunter (1718-1783), and to argue that he deserves a better place in history as he was one of the most outstanding figures in British medicine of the 18th century. A Scotsman, Presbyterian, from a family without means or connections, he underwent a classic education at the University of Glasgow, completed with apprenticeships with William Cullen and Alexander Monro first in Scotland, and then in London, with William Smellie, James Douglas and James Wilkie, in anatomy, obstetrics and surgery, respectively. Despite initial disadvantages, he was highly successful as an anatomist, educator, surgeon, man-midwife, artist, gentleman and collector. He moved and had influences in the highest medical, cultural and social circles of his time, was named Physician Extraordinary to Queen Charlotte, and was a member of many scientific, medical and cultural societies in Great Britain and in France, such as the Royal Society, the Royal College of Physicians and the Societé Royale de Médicine of Paris. His museum was notable in its magnitude and its diversity, including anatomical preparations, coins, shells, plants, birds, insects, fossils, and minerals. He donated his great museum to the University of Glasgow. His figure has been relegated mainly due to the absence of heirs, individuals or institutional, that could have cared for, maintained, and increased his legacy as happened with his brother John.

Abstract: We analyze the emerging governmentality in the last health reform in Chile: the Regime of Explicit Guarantees in Health. This form of government interweaves schemes of knowledge legitimization and biomedical actions prioritization guided by Evidence-Based Medicine and other criteria, reorienting the activities of government to redefine the status some biological functions. We have defined as biogovernmentality the field of possibilities that promotes the articulation between biomedicine and processes of government. For the analysis proposed, we employ resources from actor-network theory, the account of the processes of enactment in the articulation of the regime. This, after the deployment of focused ethnographies at various levels of public and private health services, and interviews with expert designers and professionals. The analysis expresses technological objects (prioritizators, clinical practice guidelines, benefit packages, computer systems) and epistemic things (prioritization interweaves, acceleration regimes and somatocracy) that produce a specific mode of somatic subjectification, which reconfigures the subject as a space of government based on organs and body physiology.

Resumen: Analizamos la gubernamentalidad emergente en la última reforma en salud en Chile: el Régimen de Garantías Explícitas. Esta modalidad de gobierno articula esquemas de legitimación de conocimiento y priorización de acciones biomédicas orientados por la Medicina Basada-en-la-Evidencia y otros criterios, reorientando las actividades de gobierno para redefinir el status algunas funciones biológicas. Hemos definido como biogubernamentalidad al campo de posibilidades que promueve la articulación entre biomedicina y procesos de gobierno. Para el análisis propuesto, empleamos recursos de la teoría del actor-red, dando cuenta de los procesos de enactment en la articulación del régimen. Esto, a partir del despliegue de etnografías focalizadas en diversos niveles del entramado asistencial público y privado, y realización de entrevistas a expertos diseñadores y profesionales. Los análisis dan cuenta de objetos tecnológicos (priorizadores, guías de práctica clínica, canastas de prestaciones, sistemas informáticos) y epistémicos (entramados de priorización, regímenes de aceleración y somatocracia) que producen un modo específico de subjetivación somática, que reconfigura al sujeto como un espacio de gobierno basado en órganos y fisiología corporal.

The glycerol hydrogenolysis reaction was performed in a continuous flow trickle bed reactor using a water glycerol feed and both copper chromite and Cu/Al2O3 catalysts. The commercial copper chromite had a higher activity than the laboratory prepared Cu/Al2O3 and was used for most of the tests. Propylene glycol was the main product with both catalysts, acetol being the main by-product. It was found that temperature is the main variable influencing the conversion of glycerol. When the state of the glycerol-water reactant mixture was completely liquid, at temperatures lower than 190 ºC, conversion was low and deactivation was observed. At reaction temperatures of 210-230 ºC the conversion of glycerol was complete and the selectivity to propylene glycol was stable at about 60-80% all throughout the reaction time span of 10 h, regardless of the hydrogen pressure level (1 to 20 atm). These optimal values could not be improved significantly by using other different reaction conditions or increasing the catalyst acidity. At higher temperatures (245-250 ºC) the conversion was also 100%. Under reaction conditions at which copper chromite suffered deactivation, light by-products and surface deposits were formed. The deposits could be completely burned at 250 ºC and the catalyst activity fully recovered.

La evaluación de la aptitud territorial en espacios naturales constituye un factor clave para el diseño de una estrategia que asegure la sustentabilidad del desarrollo de la macro región metropolitana de Santiago y su área de influencia. La aplicación del paradigma decisional multicriterio ha abierto una interesante vía metodológica al tratamiento de la problemática del Ordenamiento Territorial, determinando los lugares más idóneos para la localización de actividades/servicios para el turismo de naturaleza y rural. El modelo de análisis territorial con SIG aplicado ha permitido cuantificar el territorio en grados de aptitud para el Turismo, que permitiría consolidar una oferta, menos sensible a la estacionalidad y ayudar a posicionar a la Reserva de Biósfera (MAB) La Campana - Lago Peñuelas como un destino turístico emergente. Esto orientará el desarrollo en función de las capacidades de uso de los territorios y de las aspiraciones locales, y facilitará co-construir instrumentos normativos que aseguren a las poblaciones, un desarrollo más sostenible.

Isomerization - cracking of n-octane was studied using H3PW12O40 (HPA) and HPA supported on zirconia and promoted with Pt and Cs. The addition of Pt and Cs to the supported HPA did not modify the Keggin structure. The Pt addition to the supported HPA did not substantially modify the total acidity; however, the Brönsted acidity increased significantly. Cs increased the total acidity and Brönsted acidity. A linear relation was observed between the n-C8 total conversion and Brönsted acidity. The most adequate catalysts for performing isomerization and cracking to yield high research octane number (RON) are those with higher values of Brönsted acidity.

In esterification of oleic acid with methanol at 25 °C HPA displayed the highest activity. Moreover the HPA could be reused after being transformed into its cesium salt. In the reaction of etherification of glycerol HPA and Amberlyst 35W showed similar initial activity levels. The results of acid properties demonstrate that HPA is a strong protonic acid and that both surface and bulk protons contribute to the acidity. Because of its strong affinity for polar compounds, HPA is also seemingly dissolved in both oleic acid and methanol. The reaction in this case proceeds with the catalyst in the homogenous phase.